2.
   2022
/  

[ (i):     ]
(   )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        :
(a)      
()      
(c)       
(d)       
2.             
-
3.        
    
2.
4.            
        
-
5. 
      ?     
  
6. 
     ?        
              

-
7.                

8.      :
() 
()   
(c)     
(d)  
2.
   2022
/  

[ (i):     ]
(   )
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        :
(a)      
()      
(c)       
(d)       
: 
      ,  
 ,  
             
    ,        
     
   ,   ,   
       
 
  --       
(a)     
2.
           
    
       , 
       , 

         
   :
"       "
   
       
                 , 
         ,        
 ,  
 :
"        
       "
   
            '    
    ?


  /    
'
   -   
'
           

       

  
  
  :
   
   
   
            
 
  -     '  
()     
               
                
  ,            ,
     
      
        
 :
2.
1.    '    
          :
"      
     "   
  

 
    ,     
2.  -      
         
   , 
   :
"  "    
     
 
3.     
               
:
"       "   '  
 ,
    
4.     
         
      
   ,       
5.     
    ,          
              
 ,         -    
,   
      
(c)    
                   
   
       ,    :
"      
  "
  
2.
      

           
   :
   
   
   

  :
"     "
  ,  

 100%    
  :
   
     ,   
       
            
      ,    
 ,     

    '  
  '   
       ,          
    
     
, ,  -   '        
            

          
 
 ,  ,          
(d)   
  -        
1.  () 
, 
          
2.
:
   7   

          
 
        

       ,         ,  
     
         
2.  () 
, 
           
 
:

         '  

  :
"    '  "

      
,   
    
 -
            
3.  
          '  :
 


   
;       
:
   ,     :
"      ' 100°C '  "
        
2.
4.    
      :

-    
  
  
:
        
  
        
   ,          
    
 

,         
,    
          ,     
  ,              , 
         
=    ' 
=     
=     , ,     

  =  ' , ,    

  =  ,  , ,  
 
       ,         
        --  
2.            
:🌟-
   '    
  :  
?   
?      -              
  -
   -        
  - 
 
2.
              ,     
  
   , -        -  
        -   -  
       
👉  :     "
"    ,   
       
🌟  
1.   
   
         ,     
          

👉:         ,     

2.    
:          
:           
:    '      
:      '    -      
👉:             ' 100°C 
   ,   
3.   
 :       (    )
 :   (  )
 :    
  (   
 )
 :   (       )
👉   
        
,  
    
4. -   
 ( ):-      - 

            
:    -       
2.
 :   ,    
 
👉     ,    -  
🌟     
1.   ?
         
:          , 
  '    " 
      "
👉      
2.     
        '   
 
            ,  
  
         
  ,    
👉-       
3.   
        -          
 
:              
  -   '  
👉  ,   , 
 
       
 
🌟    
1.    
     '   
               
       
2.
👉            
2.     
         
      ,  
     
     
 
    ,  
 
 '      
👉-      
 
3.   
  , 
    
        
        
     
   
  
        
      
👉         
4.   
   ,        
:           
-           
👉-     
 
5.    
   , 
- '   
    ,     , ,  
    
 ,  
      
👉-     
 -      
📖  
2.
                  

                  
   - -       
, 
    ,          
  ,               
👉  
           - 
,     
🌟 
:  ,    
 
:      -       
:             
 
👉   ,          
📊 




    
    

      
  

"
"   ,   

    
 

, , 
    

🌍 
-           ,       
            ,  ,  
   

 
2.
-
3.        
    
:  
   
               
 ,   , 
   :
"    !"

  
   
              
       ()   
     :
👉    ?
👉
 

    ,      ?

        
:
"    ,   "
      ,      
  ? ( )
   :
    , ,  
  :
" A   ,  B     "
:
      
       
          
2.
           
    
  
    
     
  '          
 
     
           

   
    :
    /  /    
        ,      
       ,    
   ,  
,   
 
    
  ? ( )
     
  Vy      ...
 
    
 ,  
     
 
 :
  ''    , ''      
 :
  
  (  )   ()   
   
   ()   (    ) 
 
               
 
  :
2.

   

  
    

 

         
       
 ,    

.       
    
        
    
   ,  
  :
   
    
   
    ...

             ,   
     
 
     :
"  ,     
"
.pti    
       :
"    ,      "
    
       
 , ,   
  
    
      
   :
"    ,      "

   ,       
2.
    (  )        
       :
"        ,  '   !"
.     
     
  ,       
 
 :
  :
   100°C →         
        
             
    
            ,  
              
          
.     
      ' 
  
     ' 
  :
      
 
       
 
     
    
  
 
   ,          '  
 
 
   ,      
      ""  " "   
2.

   ?
  
     
  :
- 


  
   
 
   
,  
      
 
 =  
 =  '  
  :
    

    

   

       :
"  ,   "

       
          
 
              
   ,    ,      , 
      
        
 , 
      
   ,     
        
2.
4.            
        
:🌟         
🌟-
         -       
            , 
           ,    ,  
            -     -
       
👉  :        -   -     -
   
🌟    
        ()    ,   
        ,     '   
1.  (  )
          :
 ():  
 ():      
 (): 

 ():  ,      
👉    
     ' 
   ' 

2.  () '  
         -      
 
:  '            
👉           ,    
 
 
3. -  - ()
2.
            :
1.  ():      
o "   "
2.  ():  
o "
    "
3.  ():      
o "     ,   ,   "
4.  ():   '    
o "         "
5.  (): 
o " ,    "
👉 -   ,     
 
4.    ' 
     
 -          
     
      
👉   , ,         
5. -  
           : 
  ? 
   ?
       
  -      
🌟   
 (384–322   )         
       
 
1. -  
      :
1.  :  
o "   "
2.  :  
o "   "
3. :   
2.
o " ,   "
👉         
2.  
     -         
   ,      
👉   
 ,        
3.  '   
     '   -   "  ," " "
    '         
👉         
 
4.  
     ,      -        

     
🌟     

 

  (, , , ,
)

 ,   
 

   ' 


 , -, 


    
 

,    
👉             
,    
            
2.
📖  
     
    '  

   : "    
         , 
 ,             ,    "
    : "     '     
     ,     "
👉   '  ,       ,    
  
🌟  
   
        
    - '   ,      '
  
  ,       
  -    -
      
🌍 
      -  ,  ' ,  -
        ,    ,  
        ,       -    
  ,        
-
5. 
      ?     
  
: 
      -  -   ,  
  ,       ,      -   
      :          
   
; 
             
,                  
           ,       
   
2.
    ,      
🌿:     
, , ,      ,      
   ,      ,         ,
   
      -          
       ,       -     
 ,     '   :

     

  
  
 

     

        '   
 ,        :   ,     
🌍-  
       
;         
  ,                
    ,   - 
 :
    ,         
    ,         
    ,     
    ,  -     
     ,       ,  , ,
, ,   -    
     
  '        
🔥      
-    ,       ,   
     ,           
2.
    ,   ,     , 
       
 
 :
      
      
      
        
               ,    
     

🌱       
     ,     :      
             -  

 , , 
,          
   
 
    - 
 :
-       
-        
-        
-  
    ,     
 ,      
 
 ,     
  
       
 
               , 
      
   
      , 
        
 
     :
  
2.
             , 
 ,     ,     -    

     :
       ,     
 
    "" 
;          
  
   ,    ,     
  ,       
     
:
  
  
     
             '   
 
   
, , -            
  , -    ,      ,   
                
         
    
        ,   ,   
        ? 
      
        
 
   -             
 -    
 
2.
          ,        
 
         
       -
 ,  ,           

 
🌞    
        
        
         :
 
  
   
      
   
-     
    ,     
 ,   

 
:    '  
         , ,  
     ,          
              
    :

   ,   
     '   
     
;    
 
     ,        
       ,    
 -    
   ,         
2.
6. 
     ?        
              

:🌟-
        
   -   ,
,       -       
   
      ,     :  (, ,  ,   )
    (, , ,  )        
       ,  
👉  :             
 ,   '   ,      
🌟  ?
:             
            
 
 ,  ,        
              
    
👉   
          
 - 
  
   
🌟       
    
; 
         
      :
1.   
      
  - , ,   
    ,  -     
    
      ( ,     
   ),     
👉      
2.   
2.
             
   
     
 
 ,            

👉              
 
3.   
    ,     ,  
   
      ,        
 ,    
 
:       
 
👉          
4.   -
  -  ,    '    - ,
,  
-   - , ,     - '   

    ,     
👉    

5.    
   ,      
,       (  , 

)   
     ,       
👉        
🌟     
  -        ,     
    -   ,  
1.   
2.
,             
     ,        
👉    ;          
2. 
 - , ,     ,      

     
        , 
      
👉 
   ,        
3.     
   ,      '    
     ,       
👉   ,     
4.    
  ,          
   
          
👉        

5.  
         
 
    ,  
 ,    
 , 
   
👉    '          

6.    
     
 
       :
   
     
    
2.
👉    ,          
📖  
          , ,      
          
     ,   
        ,    ,       
        
  
             -  

   ,      ;  
     ,
     
🌟 
     
 -     
     '   ,      
  
    :         

 ,  ,         
    
👉   
 : 
   ,   
📊 
     
    
     
  
      
 
   

    
 
     
 
-
  
🌍 
      -       , , 
            : , ,
,       ,    ,    

   ,      

2.
-
7.                

: 
   ,         " 
'   "   ,      
   

    , , , ,       

        , , , ,        
   
     ,          
,      ,        ,    ,  
    ,  , ,        
    
           
       
  ,  ,  
 ,   ,    
,                
          
     
  
               ,
     ,      ,     
  ,            , 
 
  '      
,               
  ?
            ,       
   :
   
     
    
     :
   
 
   
    
2.
    
         
 ',              
 
        
  ,    
     
;        
       ?
       :



?



?



?



?





?
     '        
1.      
             ,     
, ,         
 '  , 
       -,      :
"    ?"
"       ?"
"      ?"
 ,               ,  
        '       
,       ,     ,       
    
;     
     
   
 
2.     
  ',     
   ,    
     ,     ( ),  ,
           ,  
    
     :
"  ?"
2.
"      ?"
"         ?"
 ,            
3.    
    
 :
             ?
             
,         ?
             ?
    
;  ,       
    ,          
    
 ,     :      
          ?
4.     
              
                 
'     , , ,         
     
 :
           ?
       ?
      - '     
5.    
    '  ,       
    
           , ,
       :
   " "          ?
2.
         ,      -
  ?
   ,   -       
6.     
      
   :
   ?
          ?
           ,     
,        ,   ,     
      ,        '   
    

     
;      
  
    ,               
       - , , ,      
      
;        

           ,       
  
 ,  
      , 
   
  
   
2.
8.      :
() 
()   
(c)     
(d)  
:🌟-
 
        ,      
 :
              
             
  -    
 ,      
  
   
 ,       
    
👉  :        
,     ,  
             
🌟() 

             
       - , - , ,   - ,    
  ,         
  
      ,       
   
        -  , , ,    
          
👉:         ,     , 
    
🌟()   
      
 ,         
1.  
2.
, ,            
 
  ,     
   
:         
2.  
 - , ,         
-  
       
 
:              
 
3.  
, ,  -      
    
      
:            
 
4.  
, ,     
  ,      
   
: -      
5.  
             
   
 ,   -  
6.  
 ,  -    ,    
  ,   ,       
  
: 1986   
👉 :      
 -      ,  
   -    
🌟(c)     
 ,               
1.   
2.
 ,        
      
      
2.   
        
       -    '  

       
3.   
      
   
 -       
4.   
    '   
  
    
       
5.  
  -    
-   ,  ,  
      
         
👉 
           
🌟()  

   ,  ,        
  
     ,   -  ,      
'      
   
          
            
 
       
 
2.
   
   (1945):         
      
 (1986):     ,     
 (2011):         
   
  :,  ,  
 :     ,    
 :  ,     
👉     
 -    
    
  
   
       
  (, )      
      
📖  
                   
,          -     
 ,                

              -    , 
 
🌟 
     ,          

         ,    
      
   
            
👉  :          ,    
   
📊 

 
 
      
2.
  

, , , , , 

 , -    ,  ,  ,
  
 
 , ,   

,  ,  ,  

,  ,    
🌍 
           -       , 
   
 ,            
   ,          
"              
 
       ,       
 "